Monday, 26 September 2016

Dimetrose




Dimetrose may be available in the countries listed below.


Ingredient matches for Dimetrose



Gestrinone

Gestrinone is reported as an ingredient of Dimetrose in the following countries:


  • Brazil

  • Italy

International Drug Name Search

Diafat




Diafat may be available in the countries listed below.


Ingredient matches for Diafat



Metformin

Metformin hydrochloride (a derivative of Metformin) is reported as an ingredient of Diafat in the following countries:


  • Philippines

International Drug Name Search

Dinid




Dinid may be available in the countries listed below.


Ingredient matches for Dinid



Enalapril

Enalapril maleate (a derivative of Enalapril) is reported as an ingredient of Dinid in the following countries:


  • Venezuela

International Drug Name Search

zalcitabine


zal-SYE-ta-been


Oral route(Tablet)

The use of zalcitabine has been associated with significant clinical adverse reactions, some of which are potentially fatal. Zalcitabine can cause severe peripheral neuropathy and should be used with extreme caution in patients with preexisting neuropathy. Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have also been reported. Rarely, zalcitabine may cause hepatic failure or pancreatitis; suspend therapy immediately in any patient who develops any symptoms suggestive of pancreatitis .



Commonly used brand name(s)

In the U.S.


  • Hivid

Available Dosage Forms:


  • Tablet

Therapeutic Class: Antiretroviral Agent


Pharmacologic Class: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor


Uses For zalcitabine


Zalcitabine (also known as ddC) is used in the treatment of the infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).


Zalcitabine (ddC) will not cure or prevent HIV infection or AIDS; however, it helps keep HIV from reproducing and appears to slow down the destruction of the immune system. This may help delay the development of problems usually related to AIDS or HIV disease. Zalcitabine will not keep you from spreading HIV to other people. People who receive zalcitabine may continue to have other problems usually related to AIDS or HIV disease.


Zalcitabine may cause some serious side effects, including peripheral neuropathy (a problem involving the nerves). Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include tingling, burning, numbness, or pain in the hands or feet. Zalcitabine may also cause pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Symptoms of pancreatitis include stomach pain, and nausea and vomiting. Check with your doctor if any new health problems or symptoms occur while you are taking zalcitabine.


Zalcitabine was available only with your doctor's prescription.


HIVID® (zalcitabine) was discontinued by Roche Pharmaceuticals on December 31, 2006 due to the availability of newer HIV medicines.


Before Using zalcitabine


In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For zalcitabine, the following should be considered:


Allergies


Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to zalcitabine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.


Pediatric


Zalcitabine can cause serious side effects in any patient. Therefore, it is especially important that you discuss with your child's doctor the good that zalcitabine may do as well as the risks of using it. Your child must be seen frequently and your child's progress carefully followed by the doctor while the child is taking zalcitabine.


Geriatric


Zalcitabine has not been studied specifically in older people. Therefore, it is not known whether it causes different side effects or problems in the elderly than it does in younger adults.


Pregnancy








Pregnancy CategoryExplanation
All TrimestersCAnimal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.

Breast Feeding


There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.


Interactions with Medicines


Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking zalcitabine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.


Using zalcitabine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.


  • Cimetidine

  • Didanosine

  • Lamivudine

  • Probenecid

  • Ribavirin

Using zalcitabine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.


  • Aluminum Carbonate, Basic

  • Aluminum Hydroxide

  • Aluminum Phosphate

  • Calcium

  • Calcium Carbonate

  • Dihydroxyaluminum Aminoacetate

  • Dihydroxyaluminum Sodium Carbonate

  • Magaldrate

  • Magnesium Carbonate

  • Magnesium Hydroxide

  • Magnesium Oxide

  • Magnesium Trisilicate

  • Pentamidine

Interactions with Food/Tobacco/Alcohol


Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.


Other Medical Problems


The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of zalcitabine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:


  • Alcohol abuse or

  • Increased amylase (or a history of ) or

  • Increased blood triglycerides (or a history of) or

  • Pancreatitis (or a history of, or at risk for) or

  • Receiving nutrition in your veins—Patients with these medical problems may be at increased risk of pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).

  • Abnormal liver function, or

  • Alcohol abuse, history of, or

  • At risk for liver disease, or

  • Hepatitis, or

  • Liver disease, or

  • Obesity, or

  • Taking medicines called nucleosides for a long time—Zalcitabine may make liver disease worse in patients with liver disease or a history of alcohol abuse.

  • Allergy to zalcitabine, or

  • Allergy to any part of the medicine—Serious allergic reactions can occur.

  • Bone marrow disease—Patients with this condition may develop severe blood problems when taking zalcitabine.

  • Heart problems, or

  • Congestive heart failure—Zalcitabine may make these conditions worse.

  • Kidney disease—Patients with kidney disease may have an increased chance of side effects.

  • Low CD4 cell count—Zalcitabine may cause serious side effects in patients with very low CD4 cell counts.

  • Peripheral neuropathy or at risk of developing peripheral neuropathy, or

  • Diabetes, or

  • Low CD4 cell count, or

  • Weight loss—Zalcitabine may increase your chance of developing neuropathy or worsening neuropathy.

Proper Use of zalcitabine


Take zalcitabine exactly as directed by your doctor. Do not take more of it, do not take it more often, and do not take it for a longer time than your doctor ordered. Also, do not stop taking zalcitabine without checking with your doctor first.


Keep taking zalcitabine for the full time of treatment, even if you begin to feel better.


zalcitabine works best when there is a constant amount in the blood. To help keep the amount constant, do not miss any doses. If you need help in planning the best times to take your medicine, check with your health care professional.


Only take medicine that your doctor has prescribed specifically for you. Do not share your medicine with others.


Dosing


The dose of zalcitabine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of zalcitabine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.


The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.


  • For oral dosage form (tablets):
    • For treatment of HIV infection:
      • Adults and children 12 years of age and older—0.75 milligrams (mg).

      • Children up to 12 years of age—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.



Missed Dose


If you miss a dose of zalcitabine, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.


Storage


Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.


Keep out of the reach of children.


Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.


Precautions While Using zalcitabine


It is very important that your doctor check your progress at regular visits.


Do not take any other medicines without checking with your doctor first. To do so may increase the chance of side effects from zalcitabine.


HIV may be acquired from or spread to other people through infected body fluids, including blood, vaginal fluid, or semen. If you are infected, it is best to avoid any sexual activity involving an exchange of body fluids with other people. If you do have sex, always wear (or have your partner wear) a condom (“rubber”). Only use condoms made of latex, and use them every time you have vaginal, anal, or oral sex. The use of a spermicide (such as nonoxynol-9) may also help prevent transmission of HIV if it is not irritating to the vagina, rectum, or mouth. Spermicides have been shown to kill HIV in lab tests. Do not use oil-based jelly, cold cream, baby oil, or shortening as a lubricant—these products can cause the condom to break. Lubricants without oil, such as K-Y Jelly, are recommended. Women may wish to carry their own condoms. Birth control pills and diaphragms will help protect against pregnancy, but they will not prevent someone from giving or getting the AIDS virus. If you inject drugs, get help to stop. Do not share needles or equipment with anyone. In some cities, more than half of the drug users are infected, and sharing even 1 needle or syringe can spread the virus. If you have any questions about this, check with your health care professional.


zalcitabine Side Effects


Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.


Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:


More common
  • Lab results that show problems with liver

  • tingling, burning, numbness, or pain in the hands, arms, feet, or legs

Less common
  • Fever

  • joint pain

  • muscle pain

  • nausea and vomiting

  • seizures

  • skin rash

  • stomach pain (severe)

  • ulcers in the mouth and throat

Rare
  • Discouragement, feeling sad or empty, irritability, lack of appetite, loss of interest or pleasure, tiredness, trouble concentrating, trouble sleeping

  • fever and sore throat

  • yellow eyes or skin

Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:


Less common
  • Constipation

  • diarrhea

  • headache

  • hives or welts

  • itching skin

  • swelling or inflammation of the mouth

Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.


Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

See also: zalcitabine side effects (in more detail)



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More zalcitabine resources


  • Zalcitabine Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Zalcitabine Dosage
  • Zalcitabine Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Zalcitabine Drug Interactions
  • Zalcitabine Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Zalcitabine - Add your own review/rating


  • zalcitabine Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)

  • Zalcitabine Monograph (AHFS DI)

  • Zalcitabine MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Hivid Prescribing Information (FDA)



Compare zalcitabine with other medications


  • HIV Infection

Drill Mucolítico




Drill Mucolítico may be available in the countries listed below.


Ingredient matches for Drill Mucolítico



Carbocisteine

Carbocisteine is reported as an ingredient of Drill Mucolítico in the following countries:


  • Portugal

International Drug Name Search

Divoquat




Divoquat may be available in the countries listed below.


In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.

Ingredient matches for Divoquat



Benzalkonium Chloride

Benzalkonium chloride (a derivative of Benzalkonium) is reported as an ingredient of Divoquat in the following countries:


  • Italy

International Drug Name Search

pentobarbital


Generic Name: pentobarbital (PEN toe BAR bi tal)

Brand names: Nembutal Sodium, Nembutal


What is pentobarbital?

Pentobarbital is in a group of drugs called barbiturates (bar-BIT-chur-ates). Pentobarbital slows the activity of your brain and nervous system.


Pentobarbital is used short-term to treat insomnia. Pentobarbital is also used as an emergency treatment for seizures, and to cause you to fall asleep for surgery.


Pentobarbital may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide.


What is the most important information I should know about pentobarbital?


You should not use this medication if you are allergic to pentobarbital, or if you have porphyria (a genetic enzyme disorder that causes symptoms affecting the skin or nervous system).

Before using pentobarbital, tell your doctor if you have liver or kidney disease, chronic pain, severe or uncontrolled asthma or COPD, a history of mental illness or suicide attempt, or a history of addiction to drugs or alcohol.


Pentobarbital may be habit-forming and should be used only by the person it was prescribed for. Pentobarbital should never be shared with another person, especially someone who has a history of drug abuse or addiction. Keep the medication in a secure place where others cannot get to it. Pentobarbital can cause side effects that may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. Avoid drinking alcohol. Alcohol can also add to sleepiness caused by pentobarbital. Pentobarbital can make birth control pills less effective. Ask your doctor about using a non-hormone method of birth control (such as a condom, diaphragm, spermicide) to prevent pregnancy while using pentobarbital.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before using pentobarbital?


You should not use this medication if you are allergic to pentobarbital, or if you have porphyria (a genetic enzyme disorder that causes symptoms affecting the skin or nervous system).

If you have any of these other conditions, you may need a dose adjustment or special tests to safely use this medication:


  • liver disease;

  • kidney disease;


  • chronic pain;




  • severe or uncontrolled asthma or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder);




  • a history of depression, mental illness, or suicide attempt; or




  • a history of drug or alcohol addiction.




Pentobarbital may be habit-forming and should be used only by the person it was prescribed for. Pentobarbital should never be shared with another person, especially someone who has a history of drug abuse or addiction. Keep the medication in a secure place where others cannot get to it. FDA pregnancy category D. Do not use pentobarbital without telling your doctor if you are pregnant. It could harm the unborn baby. Pentobarbital may cause addiction or withdrawal symptoms in a newborn if the mother uses the medication during pregnancy. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during treatment. Pentobarbital can make birth control pills less effective. Ask your doctor about using a non-hormone method of birth control (such as a condom, diaphragm, spermicide) to prevent pregnancy while using pentobarbital. Pentobarbital can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. Older adults may be more likely to have side effects from this medication.

How should I take pentobarbital?


Pentobarbital is given as an injection into a muscle or vein. Your doctor, nurse, or other healthcare provider will give you this injection. You may be shown how to inject your medicine at home. Do not self-inject this medicine if you do not fully understand how to give the injection and properly dispose of needles, IV tubing, and other items used in giving the medicine.


When injected into a vein, pentobarbital must be given slowly.


Use each disposable needle only one time. Throw away used needles in a puncture-proof container (ask your pharmacist where you can get one and how to dispose of it). Keep this container out of the reach of children and pets.


Do not stop using pentobarbital suddenly after using it long-term, or you could have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Talk to your doctor about how to avoid withdrawal symptoms when you stop using pentobarbital.

To be sure this medication is not causing harmful effects, your blood may need to be tested on a regular basis. Your kidney or liver function may also need to be tested. Do not miss any follow-up visits to your doctor.


If you store pentobarbital at home, keep it at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

Keep track of how much of this medicine has been used. Pentobarbital is a drug of abuse and you should be aware if any person in the household is using this medicine improperly or without a prescription.


See also: Pentobarbital dosage (in more detail)

What happens if I miss a dose?


Since pentobarbital is often used only when needed, you may not be on a dosing schedule. If you are using the medication regularly, use the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then to use the medicine and skip the missed dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up the missed dose.


What happens if I overdose?


Seek emergency medical attention if you think you have used too much of this medicine. An overdose of pentobarbital can be fatal.

Overdose symptoms may include pinpoint or dilated pupils, weak or limp feeling, urinating less than usual or not at all, fast heart rate, slow heart rate, weak pulse, fainting, slow breathing (breathing may stop).


What should I avoid while taking pentobarbital?


Pentobarbital can cause side effects that may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. Avoid drinking alcohol. Alcohol can add to sleepiness caused by pentobarbital, which could be dangerous.

Pentobarbital side effects


Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as:

  • confusion, hallucinations;




  • weak or shallow breathing;




  • slow heart rate, weak pulse; or




  • feeling like you might pass out.



Less serious side effects may include:



  • problems with memory or concentration;




  • excitement, irritability, or aggression (especially in children or older adults);




  • loss of balance or coordination;




  • nightmares;




  • nausea, vomiting, constipation;




  • headache; or




  • "hangover" effect (drowsiness the day after a dose).



This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


Pentobarbital Dosing Information


Usual Adult Dose for Insomnia:

Oral capsules or elixir: 100 mg orally at bedtime.
Rectal suppository: 120 to 200 mg rectally.
Injection: 100 to 200 mg IM or IV.

Usual Adult Dose for Sedation:

Oral capsules or elixir: 100 mg orally at bedtime.
Rectal suppository: 120 to 200 mg rectally.
Injection: 100 to 200 mg IM or IV.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Sedation:

Procedural (moderate) sedation:

Oral:
Infants: 4 mg/kg orally followed by 2 to 4 mg/kg every 30 minutes if needed
Maximum dose: 8 mg/kg orally

Infants and Children:
IM: 2 to 6 mg/kg
IM Maximum dose: 100 mg
IV: Initial 1 to 2 mg/kg; additional doses of 1 to 2 mg/kg every 3 to 5 minutes to desired effect; usual effective total dose is 1 to 6 mg/kg
IV Maximum dose: 100 mg/dose Note: Patients receiving concurrent barbiturate therapy may require higher total mg/kg doses (up to 9 mg/kg).

Children:
Oral, Rectal:
Less than 4 years: 3 to 6 mg/kg
Maximum dose: 100 mg
Greater than or equal to 4 years: 1.5 to 3 mg/kg
Maximum dose: 100 mg

Adolescents: IV: 100 mg prior to procedure

Reduction of elevated ICP:
IV: Note: Intubation is required; dose should be adjusted based on hemodynamics, ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure, and EEG.
Low dose: Children and Adolescents: 5 mg/kg every 4 to 6 hours
High-dose pentobarbital coma: Children and Adolescents: Loading dose: 10 mg/kg over 30 minutes, then 5 mg/kg every hour for 3 hours; initial maintenance infusion: 1 mg/kg/hour; adjust to maintain burst suppression on EEG; maintenance dose range: 1 to 2 mg/kg/hour

Sedation of mechanically ventilated ICU patient (who failed standard therapy):
IV: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Loading dose: 1 mg/kg followed by 1 mg/kg/hour infusion. Additional boluses at a dose equal to hourly rate may be given every 2 hours as needed. If greater than or equal to 4 to 6 boluses are administered within 24 hours, then increase maintenance rate by 1 mg/kg/hour; reported required range: 1 to 6 mg/kg/hour (median: 2 mg/kg/hour). Tapering of dose and/or conversion to oral phenobarbital has been reported for therapy greater than or equal to 5 days.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Status Epilepticus:

Status epilepticus refractory to standard therapy:
Note: Intubation is required; dose should be adjusted based on hemodynamics, seizure activity, and EEG.

IV:
Infants, Children, and Adolescents:
Loading dose: 5 mg/kg
Maintenance infusion: Initial: 1 mg/kg/hour, may increase up to 3 mg/kg/hour (usual range: 1 to 3 mg/kg/hour); maintain burst suppression on EEG for 12 to 48 hours (no seizure activity), tapering pentobarbital rate by 0.5 mg/kg every 12 hours has been reported.

High-dose pentobarbital coma:
IV:
Infants and Children: Loading dose: 10 to 15 mg/kg given slowly over 1 to 2 hours; monitor blood pressure and respiratory rate.
Maintenance infusion: Initial: 1 mg/kg/hour; may increase up to 5 mg/kg/hour (usual range: 0.5 to 3 mg/kg/hour); maintain burst suppression on EEG.
Note: Loading doses of 20 to 35 mg/kg (given over 1 to 2 hours) have been utilized in pediatric patients for pentobarbital coma, but these higher loading doses often cause hypotension requiring vasopressor therapy.


What other drugs will affect pentobarbital?


Before using pentobarbital, tell your doctor if you regularly use other medicines that make you sleepy (such as cold or allergy medicine, sedatives, narcotic pain medicine, sleeping pills, muscle relaxers, and medicine for seizures, depression, or anxiety). They can cause add to sleepiness caused by pentobarbital, which could be dangerous.

Tell your doctor about all other medications you use, especially:



  • a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin);




  • doxycycline (Adoxa, Doryx, Mondox, Oracea, Vibramycin, and others);




  • other seizure medications such as divalproex (Depakote), phenytoin (Dilantin), or valproic acid (Depakene);




  • an MAO inhibitor such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam), or tranylcypromine (Parnate);




  • griseofulvin (Grisactin, Fulvicin PG, Grifulvin V);




  • birth control pills or hormone replacement estrogens; or




  • steroids such as prednisone (Orasone, Deltasone), prednisolone (Prelone, Delta Cortef), methylprednisolone (Medrol), and others.



This is not a complete list and there may be other drugs that can interact with pentobarbital. Tell your doctor about all the prescription and over-the-counter medications you use. This includes vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. Do not start using a new medication without telling your doctor.



More pentobarbital resources


  • Pentobarbital Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Pentobarbital Dosage
  • Pentobarbital Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Pentobarbital Drug Interactions
  • Pentobarbital Support Group
  • 1 Review for Pentobarbital - Add your own review/rating


  • Nembutal Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Pentobarbital Monograph (AHFS DI)



Compare pentobarbital with other medications


  • Insomnia
  • Sedation
  • Status Epilepticus


Where can I get more information?


  • Your pharmacist can provide more information about pentobarbital.

See also: pentobarbital side effects (in more detail)